Assessing the photochemical transformation pathways of acetaminophen relevant to surface waters: transformation kinetics, intermediates, and modeling
Articolo
Data di Pubblicazione:
2014
Abstract:
Information concerning the link between surfacewater
photochemistry and climate is presently very scarce as
only a few studies have been dedicated to the subject. On the
basis of the limited knowledge that is currently available, the
present inferences can be made as follows: (1) Warming can
cause enhanced leaching of ionic solutes from the catchments to
surface waters, including cations and more biologically labile
anions such as sulphate. Preferential sulphate biodegradation
followed by removal as organic sulphides in sediment could
increase alkalinity, favouring the generation of the carbonate
radical, CO3
·−. However, this phenomenon would be easily
offset by fluctuations of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC),
which is strongly anticorrelated with CO3
·−. Therefore,
obtaining insight into DOC evolution is a key issue in understanding
the link between photochemistry and climate. (2)
Climate change could exacerbate water scarcity in the dry
season in some regions. Fluctuations in the water column could
deeply alter photochemistry that is usually favoured in
shallower waters. However, the way water is lost would strongly
affect the prevailing photoinduced processes. Water outflow
without important changes in solute concentration would mostly
favour reactions induced by the hydroxyl and carbonate
radicals (·OH and CO3
·−). In contrast, evaporative concentration
would enhance reactions mediated by singlet oxygen (1O2) and by the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*). (3) In a warmer climate, the summer stratification period of lakes would last longer, thereby enhancing photochemical
reactions in the epilimnion but at the same time
keeping the hypolimnion water in the dark for longer periods.
Tipologia CRIS:
03A-Articolo su Rivista
Keywords:
Acetaminophen; Paracetamol; Acetyl-para-aminophenol; Direct and sensitised photolysis; Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs); Surface-water photochemistry
Elenco autori:
E. De Laurentiis; C. Prasse; T. A. Ternes; M. Minella; V. Maurino; C. Minero; M. Sarakha; M. Brigante; D. Vione
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