Handle with care! The direct effect of the requirement of proportionality of sanctions and the remedy of disapplication: NE v. Bezirkshauptmannschaft Hartberg-Fürstenfeld

The case annotation comments the CJEU preliminary ruling in C-205/20, NE, where the court contended that the requirement of proportionality of sanctions enshrined in the Greek Maize formula 'effective proportionate and dissuasive' has direct effect. The annotation discusses the implications of the stance taken by the Court, with a specific focus on the limits to the duty to disapply conflicting domestic legislation.