Determination of the total and bioaccessible contents of essential and potentially toxic elements in ayurvedic formulations purchased from different commercial channels

Ayurveda is a major traditional system of Indian medicine that is still being successfully used in many countries. It advocates the use of both herbal and metallic preparations, in which herbs are deliberately combined with metals, minerals and gems. This study aimed to identify possible risks associated with the presence of toxic elements in ayurvedic formulations. We determined the concentrations of 25 elements (Al, As, Ag, Au, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pt, Sb, Si, Sn and Zn) in 17 ayurvedic products manufactured in India and sold in different distribution channels: Indian ayurvedic medical shops, an Italian pharmacy and on the Internet. After sample mineralization, concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We calculated daily intake of each element and compared the obtained concentrations with the maximum tolerable intake levels or recommended nutrient amounts. Element content found in the products purchased on the Internet and in the Italian pharmacy was lower than the safety limits fixed by the international authorities. Five medicines purchased in India contained potentially dangerous amount of As, Cu, Hg, and Pb. Metal bioaccessibility was studied by extraction with solutions simulating gastric and intestinal fluids. The concentration of As potentially adsorbed during the digestion of two products was greater than the maximum admissible daily intake for this element. The obtained results were treated with chemometric techniques. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.